Simulation-based evaluation of temperature-dependent heating performance of Zn-Mn-Al ferrite nanoparticles for tumor hyperthermia

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with temperature-dependent heating behavior offer a promising strategy for self-regulated magnetic induction hyperthermia (MIH) in cancer treatment. This study simulates the temperature-dependent heating performance of Al-doped Zn Mn ferrite nanoparticles (Zn 0.5 Mn 0.5 Al x Fe 2-x O 4 ) in a human liver tumor model, using experimentally validated parameters from previous characterization. The model evaluates in-tumor heating under physiological conditions, focusing on temperature rise, spatial uniformity, and thermal stability. The results confirm that MNPs with lower Curie temperatures (T C ) offer better temperature control, while higher-T C particles enable more efficient heating at reduced concentrations. Experimental validation using magnetic hydrogel phantoms demonstrated good agreement with simulation predictions, with temperature deviations within ±1.5 °C. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating temperature-dependent specific loss power (SLP) behavior for accurate modeling of hyperthermia outcomes and provide a practical framework for optimizing MNP selection and dosage for safe and effective treatment.