Environmentally Friendly Nanofiber Cellulose From Durian Rinds: A Sustainable Alternative Biomass Resource

A novel, efficient, and eco-friendly sustainable process has been developed for the extraction of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) from durian rinds. The method utilizes low-molecular-weight 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) as an oxidation agent, in conjunction with sonication treatment, resulting in a significant reduction of processing time and energy consumption compared to conventional techniques. Various delignification methods and sonication times were investigated. For delignification, a sodium hydroxide solution (10%, w/v) at a biomass-to-solvent ratio of 1:30 resulted in the highest cellulose content of 82.07% in cellulose durian rind powder. In addition, the yield of durian rind-based CNF from sonication treatment was found to be as high as 96.26%. The CNF exhibited exceptional characteristics, including a diameter ranging from 8 to 50 nm and a length of several micrometers. This sustainable and environmentally friendly approach demonstrates significant potential for the valorization of agricultural waste into high-performance nanocellulose materials, contributing to the advancement of sustainable materials and applications.