Fabrication of an on-demand removable glucose sensor patch based on laser-induced graphitization technology for sweat monitoring in individuals with fragile skin

Acute kidney injury can cause changes in fluid glucose levels, such as blood, sweat, or tears. However, the skin of vulnerable populations, such as premature infants, is extremely fragile and cannot withstand frequent needle-based blood sampling. Detecting glucose in skin sweat provides a non-invasive new approach. This study utilizes laser-induced graphitization technology and secondary modification of electrodes to efficiently fabricate an enzymatic wearable glucose sensor patch on a flexible substrate on a large scale and at a low cost. Experiments show that the sensor exhibits good sensitivity (1.71 µA/mM) within a glucose concentration range < 10 mM. Moreover, it is not affected by other interfering substances in sweat (potassium chloride, sodium chloride, urea, ascorbic acid, etc.). Additionally, by integrating a smart adhesive with switchable adhesion on the patch surface, strong adhesion at body temperature (35 °C, 82.25 N/m) and on-demand removal under mild cooling were achieved (20 °C, 10.13 N/m), effectively avoiding potential skin damage caused by device detachment. This work provides new insights into the efficient and low-cost fabrication of comfortable wearable glucose sweat sensors. Graphical