Dual-responsive SERS nanoprobe for real-time imaging of pH and ROS dynamics in wound healing

In the complex process of wound healing, real-time and dynamic monitoring of key indicators such as pH and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the microenvironment can effectively evaluate the inflammatory status and therapeutic effect of the wound. In this study, a dual-responsive surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) probe was developed, which could simultaneously detect the changes of pH and ROS levels during the wound healing process. The gold–silver core–shell nanoparticles (Au@Ag NPs) were utilized as the active substrate, and 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4-MBA) and 2,5-dihydroxythiophenol (DHBT) were modified as Raman reporter molecules, which were further coated with polyethylene glycol and bovine serum albumin to improve the biocompatibility and stability. In the Raman spectra, the peak of DHBT at 876 cm −1 was used to indicate the ROS level, while the intensity ratio at 1360 and 1075 cm −1 (I 1360 /I 1075 ) of 4-MBA reflected the pH change. The SERS probe exhibited good ratiometric response characteristics, high selectivity, and low cytotoxicity. In vitro SERS imaging experiments demonstrated that the probe could dynamically monitor ROS generation and pH changes, while SERS imaging in the mouse wound model further confirmed its ability to monitor pH and ROS in the wound microenvironment in vivo. Histological analysis also verified its biosafety. In summary, the dual-responsive SERS probe designed in this study has potential application value in evaluating wound healing effects and provides a new approach for monitoring the wound microenvironment.