PVP-Assisted Synthesis of Fe-TiO2 for Efficient Tetracycline Degradation via Peroxymonosulfate Activation

Tetracycline (TC) is chemically stable and recalcitrant to natural degradation. Peroxymonosulfate (PMS)-based advanced oxidation processes offer an effective removal strategy, the efficacy of which relies on high-performance heterogeneous catalysts. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is an ideal material due to its stability and environmental compatibility, yet its practical application is hindered by inadequate PMS activation capacity, particle agglomeration, and difficult recovery. To address these limitations, a heterogeneous Fe/TiO2catalyst was constructed via Fe3+doping, innovatively utilizing polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a structure-directing agent. PVP’s steric hindrance effectively suppressed nanoparticle agglomeration and enabled high dispersion of Fe active sites, simultaneously enhancing catalytic activity and stability. Under optimized conditions, the Fe/TiO2/PMS system achieved 94.3% TC degradation, following pseudo-first-order kinetics and significantly outperforming pure TiO2used in this experimental system. Radical quenching verified sulfate radicals (SO4•−) as the dominant species. The catalyst demonstrated excellent recyclability, retaining over 80% degradation efficiency after six cycles and enabling convenient magnetic separation. Moreover, in complex water matrices (tap water and seawater), it sustained high removal efficiency (>90% initially, >70% after six cycles), highlighting its superior anti-interference capability and practical potential. This work offers a strategic material design strategy for efficient and robust TC removal in challenging water environments.