Comparative analysis of degumming effects on the structural profiles and physicochemical properties of Idesia polycarpa phospholipids

Idesia polycarpa ( I. polycarpa ) oil by-products are rich in phospholipids (PLs), yet research on their composition and functionality remains limited. This study compared six degumming methods-hydration degumming (HD), acid degumming (AD), phospholipase A 1 degumming (PLA 1 D), simple phospholipase C degumming (SPLCD), deep phospholipase C degumming (DPLCD), and compound degumming (CD) –to evaluate their effects on PL characteristics. The results showed that enzymatic degumming methods, particularly CD, achieved the highest degumming rate of 94.7 %, significantly outperforming non-enzymatic methods. Lipidomic profiling revealed that all treatments resulted in phospholipids enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially linoleic acid (C18:2). Enzymatic treatments produced PLs enriched in lysophosphatides, while non-enzymatic methods retained mostly intact phospholipids. These findings suggest that I. polycarpa oil by-products, particularly those treated by enzymatic degumming, can be a valuable and sustainable source of PUFA-rich phospholipids, with potential applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.