Study on the response mechanism and performance of packaged TENG sensors under multimodal dynamic loads

Traditional TENG (Triboelectric Nanogenerator) research has primarily focused on static loads, limiting their applicability of multimodal composite dynamic loads in practical operating conditions. Therefore, this study centers on the performance and response mechanisms of encapsulated TENGs under multimodal dynamic loads, optimizing TENG structure and performance by using Fe₃O₄-doped MWCNTs-PDMS as the friction layer and encapsulation material. The fabricated TENG demonstrates outstanding performance under both static and dynamic loads, with its output voltage exhibiting a strong linear relationship with both frequency and load. A linear fit accuracy (R²) of up to 98.18 % was achieved under specific conditions. The study indicates that the displacement of the encapsulated TENG correlates well with voltage, with normal signal transmission, and exhibits excellent environmental adaptability, sensitivity, and durability, offering broad application prospects in industrial monitoring and intelligent systems. The TENG device developed in this study shows great potential as a core sensing unit for predictive maintenance systems in engineering applications involving vibrational environments. It is expected to advance fields such as intelligent monitoring and human-machine interaction toward higher sensitivity and broader detection ranges.