Electrochemical sensor based on MXene-Gr for highly sensitive detection of nitrofurazone in seawater

In this study, a highly sensitive electrochemical sensor was developed for the detection of nitrofurazone (NFZ) in seawater using a glassy carbon electrode modified with a nanocomposite of MXene and graphene (Gr). The synergistic effect of MXene and Gr significantly enhanced the electron transfer rate and active surface area of the electrode. Key parameters, including modifier volume, activation cycles, and solution pH, were optimized to achieve optimal sensor performance. Under the optimized conditions, the sensor exhibited a wide linear detection range from 1 to 70 μmol/L. The sensor also demonstrated excellent repeatability, stability, and selectivity against common antibiotic interferents. When applied to spiked seawater samples, recovery rates ranged from 96.01 % to 102.16 % with a relative standard deviation below 1.3 %. The MXene–Gr-based sensor not only provides a reliable tool for on-site monitoring of antibiotic residues in marine environments but also demonstrates the great potential of MXene-based composites in the development of advanced electrochemical biosensing platforms for environmental and food safety applications.