Boron-phosphorus dual-doped graphene supported AuPd nanocatalyst for high-efficiency direct methanol and formic acid fuel cells: Toward sustainable energy solutions

Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) and direct formic acid fuel cells (DFAFCs) are promising energy conversion technologies due to the high energy density and environmental compatibility. Nevertheless, the widespread application has been hindered by the lack of efficient and durable electrocatalysts capable of simultaneously addressing sluggish reaction kinetics and catalyst poisoning. Herein, a boron-phosphorus dual-doped graphene (BPG) supported AuPd nanoparticles (NPs) is successfully synthesized via a straightforward chemical reduction approach. Au-Pd alloying has modulated the d-band center of Pd, changed the electronic structure of Pd, and also generated a significant bimetallic synergistic effect, thus enhancing the resistance to CO poisoning and improving the performance of the catalyst. Moreover, the BPG support with high defect density and enhanced electron transport capability facilitates uniform nanoparticle dispersion and stabilizes catalytic intermediates. Compared to commercial Pd/C (0.42 A mg Pd -1 for MOR and 0.53 A mg Pd -1 for FAOR), the Au 0.4 Pd 0.6 /BPG catalyst demonstrates superior mass activities of 6.16 A mg Pd -1 for MOR and 10.10 A mg Pd -1 for FAOR . In addition, the Au 0.4 Pd 0.6 /BPG catalyst exhibits excellent long-term durability in both alkaline methanol and acidic formic acid solutions. This study provides a strategic design for supported bimetallic catalysts, which accelerates the development of high-performance fuel cells. This development is consistent with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), specifically SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) and SDG 13 (Climate Action), by fostering the development of energy conversion technologies that are both low-emission and efficient and that are suitable for off-grid and portable power applications.