Fe3+ and intracellular pH determination based on orange fluorescence carbon dots co-doped with boron, nitrogen and sulfur

The fluorescent boron, nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon dots (BNSCDs) were prepared by simple hydrothermal reaction of 4-carboxyphenylboronic acid and 2,5-diaminobenzenesulfonic acid at 200 °C for 8 h. The fluorescence of the BNSCDs could be quenched by Fe 3+ based on the electron transfer between Fe 3+ and BNSCDs, so a label-free, good selectivity and high sensitivity method for Fe 3+ determination was established with linear range and LOD of 1.5–692 μmol/L and 87 nmol/L, respectively. And then the fluorescent probe was employed for detection of Fe 3+ in tap water, coal gangue, fly ash and food samples successfully. Moreover, the as-prepared BNSCDs could serve as a novel pH fluorescent probe in the range of pH 1.60–7.00, which could be attributed to the proton transfer of carboxyl groups on the surface of BNSCDs. More importantly, the pH fluorescent probe possesses fast, real-time and low toxicity, applying for intracellular pH fluorescence imaging in HIC, HIEC, LO2 and SMMC7721 cells. In view of its simplicity, timely response and outstanding compatibility, the as-fabricated BNSCDs show the potential applications in water quality and solid waste monitoring, food detection, real-time measuring of intracellular pH change in vitro.