Urea-assistant ball-milled CFx as electrode material for primary lithium battery with improved energy density and power density

To improve the electrochemical performance of CF x for lithium primary batteries , a ball milling treatment of CF x and urea with various mass ratios is carried out in this paper. It is shows that the weight ratio of urea/CF x significantly affects the electrochemical performance of the ball-milled CF x . Electrochemical tests show that the modified CF x material exhibits excellent electrochemical performance with much enhanced rate capacity, improved discharge platform, and lowered initial potential delay compared with the untreated CF x . In detail, when the weight ratio of urea/CF x is 5, the material delivers a discharge capacity of 550.6 mAh g −1 with a high power density of 10309 W kg −1 (at 5000 mA g −1 and 25 °C) and exhibits an excellent electrochemical stability at low temperature of 5 °C (power density up to 5922.5 W kg −1 at 3000 mA g −1 ). The outstanding electrochemical performance is mainly due to the synergistic effect of enlarged interlayer distance , decreased particle size, and increased surface area, which resulting in improved the electrochemical reaction activity, decreased reaction resistance, and facilitated lithium ions diffusion.