Effect of Gd0.2Ce0.8O1.9 nanoparticles on the oxygen evolution reaction of La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ anode in solid oxide electrolysis cell

La 0.6 Sr 0.4 Co 0.2 Fe 0.8 O 3- δ (LSCF) anodes were infiltrated by Gd 0.2 Ce 0.8 O 1.9 (GDC) nanoparticles to improve the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance of solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) in CO 2 electroreduction. The effect of GDC loading was investigated, and 10 wt% GDC nanoparticle infiltration of the LSCF (10GDC/LSCF) anode results in the highest OER performance. Electrochemical impedance spectra measurements indicate that the infiltration by GDC nanoparticles greatly decreases the polarization resistance of the SOECs with the 10GDC/LSCF anodes. The following distribution of relaxation time analysis suggests that four individual electrode processes are involved in the OER and that all of them are accelerated on the 10GDC/LSCF anode. Three phase boundaries, surface oxygen vacancies, and bulk oxygen mobility increased, based on scanning electron microscopy and temperature-programmed desorption of O 2 characterizations, and contributed to the enhancement of the four electrode processes of the OER and electrochemical performance of SOECs.