Controllable vapor transport deposition of efficient Sb2(S,Se)3 solar cells via adjusting evaporation source area

The vapor transport deposition (VTD) processing is one of the most promising techniques to fabricate quasi-one-dimensional antimony selenosulfide (Sb 2 (S,Se) 3 ) photovoltaic materials with micrometer-scale grains and preferred crystal orientations . However, current researches rarely involve the effect of evaporation source on the film growth by VTD. Herein, we adopt Sb 2 (S,Se) 3 tablets as evaporation sources to develop Sb 2 (S,Se) 3 solar cells for the first time. We find that increasing the evaporation source area can effectively improve the deposition rate of Sb 2 (S,Se) 3 films, leading to an enhancement of the (221) preferred orientation and columnar large grains of the absorber layers, further improves the device photovoltaic performance . With fine-tuning of the evaporation source area, the optimized Sb 2 (S,Se) 3 solar cells show a high efficiency up to 7.6%. This study proposes a unique strategy to improving the quality of low-dimensional materials and a deeper understanding of the growth mechanism via vacuum methods.