Correlation of the catalytic performance with Nb2O5 surface properties in the hydrodeoxygenation of lignin model compound

Production of aromatic hydrocarbons through lignin hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) is of significant importance. Previously, we found that Ru/Nb 2 O 5 was an excellent catalyst for the conversion of lignin to arenes with relatively high selectivity (71%). Herein, we aim to clarify which properties of Nb 2 O 5 influence the activity and selectivity. Four Ru/Nb 2 O 5 catalysts with different Nb 2 O 5 morphologies were used in the HDO of 4-methylphenol. Intensive studies show that layered Nb 2 O 5 supported Ru has more Nb O groups (unsaturated NbOx sites) and highest Ru dispersion, which led to the highest activity and toluene selectivity, this was further confirmed by loading pre-synthesized Ru colloids in various Nb 2 O 5 . Finally, a Ru/Nb 2 O 5 catalyst with more unsaturated Nb O groups was designed and it was found that even with enzymatic lignin as the feedstock, the selectivity to arenes can reach up to 94.8% with the yield of hydrocarbons of 99.6%. This study provides a promising strategy for catalyst design towards the selective production of aromatic hydrocarbons from lignin.