Determination of metal oxide nanoparticles and their ionic counterparts in environmental waters by size exclusion chromatography coupled to ICP-MS

Analysis of metal oxide nanoparticles (MO NPs) and their released metal ions (M n+ ) is essential for understanding their environmental effects and biological toxicity. For the first time, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) was coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for speciation analysis of MO NPs and their corresponding M n+ . By using a 1000   Å poresize silica column, and an acetate buffer (pH   7.0, 10   mM) containing 10   mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as a mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.5   mL/min, M n+ and MO NPs with sizes smaller than the column poresize were baseline separated within 10   min, whereas MO NPs with sizes larger than the exclusion limit were filtered off by the column. More importantly, this mobile phase is able to avoid the dissolution of MO NPs during the SEC separation. The high recoveries (>   97%) of M n+ from the SEC column ensured their accurate quantification directly with the online coupled SEC-ICP-MS, while the quantification of MO NPs by subtracting the M n+ content from the total metal content, which was determined with ICP-MS after digestion without SEC separation, efficiently eliminating the influence of retention of large MO NPs in the column. MO NPs with different sizes and compositions including NiO, CoO, ZnO, CuO and CeO 2 NPs were analyzed with this proposed method, with low detection limits (0.016–0.390   μg/L for both M n+ and MO NPs) and relative standard deviations (<   0.4% for retention time and <   2.2% for peak area at 50   μg/L M n+ ). The proposed method was verified by analyzing Ni 2+ , Ce 4+ , NiO and CeO 2 NPs in various environmental waters, with spiked recoveries in the range of 80.8–105.1%. Our method has great potential for speciation analysis of MO NPs and their corresponding M n+ in the environmental waters.