Fiber-in-tube and particle-in-tube hierarchical nanostructures enable high energy density of MnO2-based asymmetric supercapacitors

Manganese dioxide (MnO 2 ) promises for high-performance asymmetric suprecapacitors, owing to its high theoretical capacity, abundant source, and low cost. However, insufficient practically-achievable capacity and relatively narrow voltage window in alkaline electrolyte are blocking high energy density of MnO 2 -based supercapacitors , where strategies for activating its capacitive performance and widening voltage window are the top priorities to solve the bottleneck problems. Herein, both the fiber-in-tube (NCCM-FiT) and particle-in-tube (NCCM-PiT) nanostructures coulping active NiCoO x nanoparticles and conductive carbon with MnO 2 tubes have been purposely fabricated, using the electrospun nickel cobalt oxides/carbon nanofibers (NCO/CNFs) as the self-template agents for enhanced energy density of MnO 2 -based supercapacitors. These hierarchical hollow nanotubes with gradient pores and unique compositions yield excellent capacitive properties, in terms of a competitive capacity (431.7 F g −1 or 431.7 C g −1 , 0.5 A g −1 ), which is 2.7 times that of the MnO 2 nanotubes-based electrodes. A maximum energy density of 46.4 Wh kg −1 is obtained at the power density of 400 W kg −1 for the asymmetric device assembled with the NCCM-PiT-based positive electrode and the electrospun CNFs-based negative electrode. The remarkable energy density demonstrated by these hierarchical hollow nanotubes exemplifies a novel and effective design in electrode materials for the asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs) with superior performance.