Rapid detection of sulfonamide antibiotics residues in swine urine by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) combined with rapid pretreatment technique was used to determine sulfonamide antibiotics (sulfadiazine and sulfathiazole) residue in swine urine. Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesized as Raman enhance substrate and the extraction of swine urine was purified with primary secondary amine (PSA), octadecyl silane (C 18 ) and graphitized carbon (GCB) to eliminate the interference of the matrix and different dosages of adsorbents (PSA, C 18 , GCB) were investigated. The results showed that the treatment with C 18 of 150 mg, GCB of 200 mg and PSA of 200 mg were an excellent approach for rapidly detecting sulfonamide antibiotics residue in swine urine. Combined with density functional theory calculation (DFT), Raman characteristic peaks of 819, 1102, 1173, 1588 cm −1 and 825, 1127 cm −1 were selected for qualitative and quantitative assessment of sulfadiazine and sulfathiazole in swine urine, respectively. Based on raman characteristic peak of 819 cm −1 , a good linear relationship between sulfadiazine concentration and Raman intensity was developed with R 2  = 0.9912, and based on raman characteristic peak of 825 cm −1 , a good linear relationship between sulfathiazole concentration and Raman intensity was developed with R 2  = 0.9941. And recoveries for five unknown concentration samples predicted were 98.47 ∼ 105.18% with relative standard deviation (RSD) of 1.53% ∼ 5.18%. This study demonstrated that SERS coupled with a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method could be employed to rapidly examine the sulfonamide antibiotics residue in swine urine towards its quality and safety monitoring.