Denitration and renitration processes in sulfate radical-mediated degradation of nitrobenzene

Nitrobenzene (NB) is a recalcitrant organic compound caused great environmental concerns. Sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs) are promising environmental remediation and wastewater treatment technologies. In this contribution, we observed that degradation of NB by thermally activated persulfate oxidation process resulted in the formation of a suite of intermediates including 2-nitrophenol (2-NP), 3-nitrophenol (3-NP), 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP), 2,6-dinitrophenol (2,6-DNP), and 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (2,4,6-TNP) as well as coupling products. The formation of the nitrophenols was suggested to follow the sequence of mononitrophenols   →   dinitrophenols   →   trinitrophenol. Time-dependent evolutions of mononitrophenols and dinitrophenols were illustrated and their formation mechanisms were proposed. The evolution patterns of mononitrophenols were fitted by sequential reaction kinetic model. The formation of polynitrated phenolic compounds suggests that both denitration and nitration processes occurred during SO 4 − -based oxidation of NB. Nitration agent (i.e., NO 2 ) arising from the conversion of nitro group upon SO 4 − /HO attack is proposed to play an important role in the formation of polynitrated compounds. TOC measurement revealed that mineralization was less efficient as compared with NB degradation. The presence of NO 2 − was found to inhibit the degradation of NB but promote the formation of 2,4-DNP. Temperature played an important role in both the degradation of NB and the distribution of products. Since polynitrated aromatics are more persistent and mutagenic, the results of this contribution suggest that particular attention should be paid to their formation during SO 4 − -based oxidation processes.