Large electrocaloric effect obtained in Ba(SnxTi1−x)O3 lead-free ceramics using direct and indirect measurements

The electrocaloric effect (ECE) in lead-free BaSn x Ti 1 − x ${}_{1-x}$ O 3 (BSnT, x = 0 . 0 5 $x=0.05$ , 0.10 and 0.15) ceramics were investigated using a direct ECE measurement. Results indicate that the maximum ECE occurs near the Curie temperature and it slightly shifts towards high temperatures. The directly measured ECE is larger than that calculated using the Maxwell relation and P-E loops. A maximum electrocaloric efficiency Δ T ∕ Δ E = 0 . 4 9 × 1 0 − 6 $\mathrm{\Delta }T∕\mathrm{\Delta }E=0.49\times 10^{-6}$ $$ KmV − 1 ${}^{-1}$ was procured for the composition with x = 0 . 1 5 $x=0.15$ at T = 2 9 9 . 2 $T=299.2$ $$ K. And it also shows a broad peak in the temperature range of 250–320 $$ K.