Organic NIR-II dyes with ultralong circulation persistence for image-guided delivery and therapy

Nanocarriers hold great promise for the controlled release of therapeutic payloads to target organs/tissues and extended duration of anticancer agents in the bloodstream. However, limited data on their in vivo pharmacokinetics and delivery process hamper clinical applications. Here we report a series of micellar nanocarriers self-assembled from new-generation thiophenthiadiazole (TTD)-based NIR-II fluorophores HLAnP ( n  = 1–4) for simultaneous bioimaging and drug delivery. The NIR-II HLA4P nanocarrier displays exceptional non-fouling performance, minimal immunogenicity, ultralong blood half-life, and high tumor accumulation even with different administration routes. When used as a drug carrier, HLA4P with encapsulated doxorubicin (DOX) realized accurate tumor targeting and continuous real-time in vivo NIR-II tracking of drug delivery and therapy, showing a sustained release rate, improved therapeutic effect, and diminished cardiotoxicity as compared to free DOX. This study provides a new perspective on the design of dual-functional NIR-II fluorophores for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.