Selective hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol to cyclohexanol using activated hydrochar-supported Ru catalysts

Lignin, an abundant aromatic polymer in nature, has received significant attention for its potential in the production of bio-oils and chemicals owing to increased resource availability and environmental issues. The hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol, a lignin-derived monomer, can produce cyclohexanol, a nylon precursor, in a carbon-negative and environmentally friendly manner. This study explored the porous properties and the effects of activation methods on the Ru-based catalyst supported by environmentally friendly and cost-effective hydrochar. Highly selective cleavage of C aryl -O bonds was achieved under mild conditions (160 °C, 0.2 MPa H 2 , and 4 h), and alkali activation further improved the catalytic activity. Various characterization methods revealed that hydrothermal treatment and alkali activation relatively contributed to the excellent performance of the catalysts and influenced their porous structure and Ru dispersion. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results revealed an increased formation of metallic ruthenium, indicating the effective regulation of interaction between active sites and supports. This synergistic approach used in this study, involving the valorization of cellulose-derived hydrochar and the selective production of nylon precursors from lignin-derived guaiacol, indicated the comprehensive and sustainable utilization of biomass resources.