Synthesis of the immobilized laccase on N-doped carbon nanonets for photothermal detection of hydroquinone

The rapid and sensitive detection of hazardous substances is essential for safeguarding human health. This work presented the synthesis of laccase immobilized on N-doped carbon nanonets (N-doped carbon nanonets-lac) biosensor and its application for the photothermal detection of hydroquinone. The N-doped carbon nanonets-lac biosensor demonstrated rapid response and precise detection of hydroquinone in 5 s, along with excellent sensitivity, good tolerance to metal ions and organic compounds, outstanding selectivity, and storage stability. Thanks to the photothermal effect of N-doped carbon nanonets, the N-doped carbon nanonets-lac biosensor was demonstrated as a photothermal biosensor for hydroquinone detection. The N-doped carbon nanonets-lac biosensor exhibits a highly sensitive current response under illumination, with a detection limit as low as 0.14 μM (S/N = 3) and an extensive response range of 1–1000 μM. Furthermore, the N-doped carbon nanonets-lac biosensor showed reliable performance in photothermal analysis of tap and Yangtze River water samples, highlighting its technical effectiveness in detecting contamination of toxic compounds in real water samples.