Switchable deep eutectic solvent-based homogenous liquid–liquid microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography–diode-array detection for the determination of the chiral fungicide mefentrifluconazole in water, fruit juice, and fermented liquor

A switchable deep eutectic solvent-based homogeneous liquid–liquid microextraction (SDES-HLLME) technique was developed and combined with high-performance liquid chromatography–diode-array detection for the determination of the chiral fungicide mefentrifluconazole. A (green) SDES was synthesized from 4-methoxyphenyl and 3-amino-1-propanol and used as an extraction solvent (thus avoiding the use of toxic extraction solvents). To improve the efficiency of the extraction process, a hydrophobic extraction solvent was subsequently generated in situ by adjusting the pH. The detection process is linear in the range of 0.01 to 1 μg ml −1 . The limit of detection and limit of quantification were determined to be 0.003 and 0.01 μg ml −1 , respectively. Recovery rates of 79.2% to 104.6% were acquired with relative standard deviations of 0.6% to 2.5%. The method is fast, simple, and environmentally friendly. Moreover, it was successfully used to enantioselectively determine the concentrations of mefentrifluconazole residues in water, fruit juice, and fermented liquor samples.