High performance ethanol/air biofuel cells with both the visible-light driven anode and cathode

A membrane-less ethanol/air biofuel cell (BFC) with both the anode and cathode driven by visible light has been assembled. Simply upon a light source illumination, the BFC generates the maximum power density of 0.27   mW   cm −2 with an open circuit voltage of 1.13   V, realizing the dual route energy conversion of light energy and chemical energy to electricity, improving the energy utilization efficiency.