Densification and grain growth of Gd2Zr2O7 nanoceramics during pressureless sintering

Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 nanoceramics were fabricated using pressureless sintering method, in which the nanopowders were synthesized via solvothermal approach. The effects of starting powders on grain growth and densification during sintering of ceramics were revealed. Two distinct pressureless sintering methods were investigated, including conventional and two-step sintering. The sample grain size increases abruptly as sintering temperature increases during conventional sintering. In contrast, in two-step sintering, abnormal or discontinuous grain growth was suppressed in the second step, leading to Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 nanoceramics formation (average grain size 83   nm, relative density ∼93%). Such distinct behaviors may originate from the interplay between kinetic factors such as grain boundary migration and diffusion. Moreover, suppression of grain growth and promotion of densification in the two-step sintering are mainly due to dominant role of grain boundary diffusion during the second-step sintering process.