Hyperbranched phthalocyanine enabling black-phase formamidinium perovskite solar cells processing and operating in humidity open air

The extreme instability of pure α-phase FAPbI 3 under high humidity conditions restricts the high-throughput fabrication in unmodified air environments, resulting in poor performance of α-phase FAPbI 3 perovskite devices obtained by scalable fabrication methods. Here we synthesized hyperbranched copper phthalocyanine (HCuPc) as a supramolecular additive with twisted phthalocyanine units to realize the molecular-level encapsulation at the grain boundaries through supramolecular interaction, which greatly broadened the processing window of FAPbI 3 under high humidity. At the same time, unlike traditional encapsulation layer that carrier can only be collected by tunneling effect, the twisted phthalocyanine ring of HCuPc in perovskite films is more conducive to hole extraction. Finally, a record efficiency was achieved in pure FAPbI 3 based inverted structured solar cell by blade-coating to the best of our knowledge, even under unmodified humid air conditions (relative humidity of 65%–85%). The best operational stability of 3D pure FAPbI 3 devices can also be achieved at the same time and unencapsulated HCuPc-FAPbI 3 device can even operate with negligible degradation for 100 h in the open air (RH 30%–40%).