Multifunctional TA@MXene conductive organohydrogel integrating real-time sensing, photothermal antibacterial therapy, and electrical stimulation for enhanced wound healing

The development of hydrogel dressings that integrate mechanical compliance, continuous monitoring capability, and on-demand therapeutic functions remains a critical challenge in advanced wound management. Herein, a multifunctional conductive organohydrogel (POTEL) composed of a dual-network polyacrylamide/oxidized sodium alginate (PAM/OSA) hydrogel integrated with tannic acid-functionalized MXene (TA@MXene) nanosheets and lithium chloride was synthesized in a water/ethylene glycol binary solvent system. The resulting POTEL organohydrogel exhibited superior mechanical properties (fracture strain > 1400 %), high electrical conductivity (2 S/m), significant antifreezing performance (stable to −70 °C), and prolonged moisture retention. It also demonstrated an outstanding photothermal antibacterial efficacy under NIR irradiation, achieving > 99 % inactivation against both S. aureus and E. coli. When employed as a strain sensor, the material showed a high sensitivity (gauge factor = 2.70 at 100 % strain) and robust cycling durability (>100 cycles). In a full-thickness skin defect model, the POTEL organohydrogel significantly accelerated wound closure and tissue regeneration through combined photothermal antibacterial action and electrical stimulation (ES), which collectively attenuated inflammatory responses and enhanced collagen deposition. This work provides a scalable strategy for designing multifunctional hydrogels capable of simultaneous monitoring and wound healing, demonstrating a great potential as next-generation smart wound dressings and skin-conformal electronic sensors.