Efficient acetaminophen degradation and advanced treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater by high loading density Fe3O4/Ti3C2Tx@PVDF catalytic membranes system

The filtration-assembled catalytic composite membrane enable high-density catalyst loading with improved exposure of active sites. Given the cost efficiency of iron-based catalysts, inhere, a high-density Fe 3 O 4 /Ti 3 C 2 T x @PVDF catalytic composite membrane was successfully fabricated via filtration-assembled anchoring Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles to the superior surface of Ti 3 C 2 T x . The structural and functional properties of the composite membrane were systematically elucidated through comprehensive characterization. Leveraging the outstanding catalytic performance of Fe 3 O 4 /Ti 3 C 2 T x , efficient degradation of acetaminophen (ACT) was achieved. In the ∙OH dominated M-5 + PMS system, 93.2% ACT removal was attained within 60 min. The degradation pathways and underlying mechanisms were thoroughly investigated. Furthermore, a novel MBR + CMR system was developed for advanced treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater, significantly enhancing the removal of pollutants from secondary effluent. The hybrid system exhibited remarkable treatment efficiencies, with 91.7% TOC removal and 99.7% NH 4 + -N removal. Finally, future perspectives on scalable membrane fabrication, potential application domains, and technology integration are discussed.