Macrophage-Derived CuET Vesicles Synergistically Enhance Paclitaxel Efficacy by Inhibiting Tumor Growth and Boosting Immunity in Breast Cancer

Background: Paclitaxel is a cornerstone of breast cancer treatment, but its efficacy is often limited by low response rates and drug resistance. To address this, we developed MEVs@CuET, a novel therapeutic approach combining cuproptosis-inducing copper(II) complex (CuET) with macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles (MEVs), aiming to enhance paclitaxel’s antitumor effects.Methods: The tumor-targeting capability of MEVs@CuET was evaluated through cellular uptake and in vivo distribution studies. In vitro synergy was assessed using the ZIP model, while transcriptome sequencing analyzed gene expression changes. In vivo antitumor activity and immune modulation were examined in breast cancer models, with tumor growth inhibition, apoptosis, and Th17 lymphocyte levels measured.Results: MEVs@CuET demonstrated efficient tumor targeting and synergistic antiproliferative effects with paclitaxel in vitro (synergy score: 29.37). Transcriptomic analysis revealed significant alterations in immune-related pathways, particularly upregulation of the IL-17 signaling pathway. In vivo, the combination therapy markedly inhibited tumor growth, increased apoptosis, and elevated Th17 cell levels, aligning with the transcriptomic findings.Conclusion: MEVs@CuET significantly enhances paclitaxel’s efficacy by inducing cuproptosis and modulating antitumor immunity, offering a promising strategy to overcome resistance in breast cancer treatment.