All-in-one amoeba-inspired Chlorella-loaded hydrogel integrating adaptive, self-healing, antibacterial, and motion monitoring capabilities for wound healing

Tissue hypoxia and bacterial infections are capable of impeding the wound healing process, imposing a significant burden on patients and healthcare systems. Although significant progress has been gained in wound care, traditional dressings are deficient in therapeutic effects. Furthermore, their inability to fit irregular wound geometries and the absence of self-healing properties can compromise the healing process. Inspired by the environmental adaptability and biological plasticity of amoebas, we developed an adaptive hydrogel (PLC hydrogel) with oxygen-releasing and antibacterial activities by loading Chlorella vulgaris and ampicillin based on a matrix composed of PVA and ι-Carrageenan. The hydrogel integrated moldability, adaptability, self-healing ability, and injectability. By incorporating Chlorella and ampicillin, the PLC hydrogel can continuously generate oxygen and inhibit bacterial infections. The hydrogel possessed excellent electrical and sensing output properties, which also exhibited hemostatic capacity and good biocompatibility. Notably, results from in vivo wound healing evaluations indicated that the PLC hydrogel exerted a positive effect on accelerating wound healing. These results highlight the potential of the multifunctional hydrogel in the therapeutic health management of wounds at active sites, as well as in personalized and precise therapeutic diagnosis, thereby providing new insights for the research and development of novel wound dressings.