Bio-Inspired Multifunctional Biodegradable Mulch Film for Sustainable Agriculture

Biomimetic design combined with multifunctional biodegradable materials provides a sustainable solution to improve mechanical strength, water resistance, and UV protection of biodegradable mulch. A concave lotus-leaf template was used to replicate micro/nanostructures on a poly(vinyl alcohol)/sodium lignosulfonate/cellulose nanocrystal/urea matrix. The film was then coated with carnauba wax, producing a superhydrophobic surface with a contact angle of 138.7°. The swelling ratio decreased by 48.76%, and the water–vapor transmission rate was markedly reduced, indicating a strong barrier performance. It also showed high mechanical strength (51.43 MPa) and an ultraviolet shielding efficiency of about 99%. Seed germination and growth tests demonstrated a sustained urea release. They also showed effective moderation of the soil temperature and moisture. Pakchoi germination reached 84%, and the overall plant quality improved significantly. The film degraded by 69.26% within 60 days. Overall, this biomimetic biodegradable mulch combines high performance with environmental compatibility for sustainable agriculture.