Bio-Inspired Robust Non-combustible Bioplastic with Superinsulated Energy Harvesting for Intelligent Firefighting

The integration of bioplastics with Triboelectric Nanogenerators (TENGs) enables environmentally friendly energy harvesting, but their combustibility and inefficiency restrict their application in high-temperature environments. Herein, inspired by lotus leaves, a robust, heat-resistant, chitosan-based bioplastic is developed via an ethanol-induced surface association (EISA) effect for superinsulated multifunctional TENGs. This approach created a surface topological structure of the bioplastic with a high charge density and large contact area on the upper surface, complemented by a smooth lower surface. The unique structure and intrinsic nitrogen-phosphorus synergy endowed the bioplastic with enhanced energy harvesting ability, superior mechanical strength and exceptional non-combustibility (limiting oxygen index exceeds 70%, UL94 V-0 rating). With these attributes, a noncombustible bioplastic-based TENG with ultra heat-resistance (above 200 °C), excellent stress- and temperature-sensitivity, along with high energy harvesting capacity is designed. It enables stable high electrical output even when exposed to external fire sources and facilitates temperature and stress monitoring in fire scenarios. Overall, this study presents a promising approach to designing super flame-retardant bioplastic-based TENG with temperature and stress sensitivity, suitable for intelligent firefighting applications such as early fire detection, fire scene monitoring, and firefighter hazard alerts.