MIL-100(Fe)/MoS2 driven photo-Fenton reaction for peroxymonosulfate activation: Unraveling dual reaction channels for efficient tetracycline degradation

Water pollution has emerged as a critical global challenge, with persistent antibiotic residues posing severe threats to ecosystems, calling for efficient aqueous remediation technologies. In this study, a MIL-100(Fe) −24 /MoS 2 hybrid catalyst was constructed by integrating MIL-100(Fe) with MoS 2 . The hybrid material served as a heterogeneous catalyst activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS) in a photo-Fenton system for tetracycline (TC) degradation, achieving 80% removal within 30 min. Quenching experiments verified the involvement of both radical and non-radical pathways, with SO 4 • − and singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) identified as the dominant reactive species. The effects of key parameters including catalyst dosage, PMS concentration, and initial pH were systematically investigated. Degradation intermediates were analyzed, and the catalyst exhibited satisfactory reusability and stability.