Moisture-responsive crystallization strategy for efficient CsPbI3 solar cells fabricated under high-humidity conditions

The intrinsic phase instability of CsPbI 3 perovskites necessitates stringent fabrication conditions, significantly hindering the practical deployment. In the DMA-mediated CsPbI 3 nucleation system, the Cs + /DMA + ion exchange critically governs the resulting film quality. Here, we employ a moisture-responsive crystallization strategy utilizing propyltriethoxysilane (PTES) to deposite CsPbI 3 under ambient air with high humidity (55%). We demonstrate that the siloxane groups can capture DMA + in the intermediate DMAPbI 3 , facilitating DMA + extraction and Cs + incorporation, thereby accelerating crystallization kinetics. This approach enables CsPbI 3 PSCs to achieve a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.00% with an impressive fill factor (FF) of 86.1% while processing perovskite under relative humidity (RH) of 55%. Higher PCEs of 21.85% and 22.60% (certified 22.02%) were achieved for devices fabricated at a lower RH of 25% and for films spin-coated under an N 2 atmosphere followed by annealing in ambient air, respectively. Furthermore, PTES-treated devices exhibit excellent operational stability under ambient conditions.