Highly Robust and Efficient Dye Rejection Enabled by rGO/MXene Heterogeneous Membranes

Graphene oxide (GO) membranes are limited by inherent structural instability and relatively low permeability in aqueous environments, which hinder their practical application in waste water treatment. To address these challenges, we engineered reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/MXene heterogeneous membranes by constructing these two kinds of two-dimensional membranes. The resulting rGO/MXene heterogeneous membranes achieved an exceptional separation performance, with the highest water permeance of up to 401.2 L m⁻² h⁻¹ bar⁻¹ while maintaining 99.7% rejection of dye molecules. The water permeance was 2.4 times greater than that of pristine rGO membranes and competitively surpasses most advanced nanofiltration (NF) membranes reported for dye wastewater treatment. More importantly, the rGO/MXene heterogeneous membranes exhibited outstanding mechanical robustness under demanding filtration environments. Notably, the membrane maintained structural integrity after 50 deformation cycles (stretching/bending) in hydrated conditions. Additionally, rGO/MXene heterogeneous membranes showed good antifouling performance. Overall, these findings indicate the strong potential of such new materials as durable and high-efficiency separation material membranes for industrial water-treatment applications.