Ferromagnetic and ferroelectric-like of SrZrO3: effect of supercritical CO2 pressure regulating on defects and surface termination

Materials exhibiting both ferromagnetic and ferroelectric properties hold significant application potential in fields such as information storage and energy conversion. achieving strong room‑temperature magnetic and polarization responses remains a major challenge. This study successfully constructed a material system exhibiting both ferromagnetic and ferroelectric-like responses by synergistically regulating defects, surface termination and lattice distortion of SrZrO 3 using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC CO 2 ). Ferromagnetic testing indicates that the saturation magnetization significantly increases with processing pressure. This enhancement trend aligns closely with the rise in oxygen vacancy and Zr 3+ defect state concentrations revealed by XPS and EPR, suggesting a dominant defect-induced mechanism. Concurrent evolution of the surface toward configurations with increased Zr‑O character likely acts as a synergistic factor that further modulates the spin environment. Electrical measurements reveal pronounced ferroelectric-like polarization responses, with residual polarization reaching 0.95 µC/cm 2 at 16 MPa. This response exhibits weak frequency dependence and excellent cycling stability. Theoretical calculations provide structural justification for the enhancement of ferromagnetic and polarization responses, attributed to surface termination transformations and lattice strain, respectively. This work demonstrates the feasibility of simultaneously inducing magnetic and ferroelectric-like polarization responses in non-ferromagnetic perovskites via SC CO 2 pressure engineering, opening new avenues for designing functional oxide materials.