[AMIM]Cl-Exfoliated Collagen Aggregates as Building Blocks for Structurally Defined Collagen Films

The exceptional mechanical strength and toughness of collagen arise from its well-defined hierarchical architecture. Conventional methods for obtaining collagen aggregates (CAs), such as direct extraction from native tissues or acid swelling followed by mechanical processing, offer limited control over dimensional uniformity and provide little insight into the underlying exfoliation mechanisms. To overcome these challenges, this study introduces a novel strategy that leverages insights into the hierarchical interactions within collagen. We employ the ionic liquid 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([AMIM]Cl) as an exfoliating agent to successfully isolate fibrous CAs from native bovine tendon. By precisely modulating temperature and processing time, we achieve CAs with tunable mesoscale dimensions (diameter 0.9–1.1 μm, length > 160 μm). Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that [AMIM]Cl disrupts the intramolecular hydrogen-bonding network within collagen, thereby facilitating controlled exfoliation. These exfoliated aggregates serve as fundamental building blocks for fabricating collagen films. The resulting materials exhibit robust mechanical integrity, high transparency, reversible pH-responsive behavior, and excellent biocompatibility as verified by cytotoxicity assays, which together underscore their potential as versatile biomaterial platforms. Furthermore, the integration of single-walled carbon nanotubes yields conductive composites with confirmed electrical functionality. This study thus presents an innovative pathway for the precision processing of collagen and advances the design of high-performance collagen-based biomaterials.