Metal-organic framework MIL-101(Cr) functionalized β-cyclodextrin-modified magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes for efficient extraction of amphenicol antibiotics

Given the extensive use of amphenicol antibiotics and their potential adverse effects on human health, the development of simple and highly sensitive detection methods is essential to ensure food safety. In this work, a novel and highly efficient magnetic sorbent based on β-cyclodextrin-modified magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes functionalized with MIL-101(Cr) (Fe 3 O 4 @β-CD@MWCNTs@MIL-101(Cr)) was developed and combined with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) to achieve highly sensitive detection of three amphenicol antibiotics (chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol, and florfenicol) in honey samples. The key factors influencing extraction efficiency in the magnetic solid-phase extraction process were identified using the Plackett-Burman experimental design, whereas the optimal experimental conditions were determined through Box-Behnken design-based response surface methodology optimization. Under these optimized conditions, favorable linear relationships for amphenicol antibiotics were observed within the concentration range of 0.5–250 ng mL − 1 (R 2 ≥ 0.9951). The method exhibited detection limits of 0.04–0.07 μg kg − 1 . Recovery rates ranged from 83.2% to 97.9%, with intra-day and inter-day precisions both below 7.2%. This method provides an efficient tool for monitoring amphenicol antibiotics in complex matrices.