Valorization of Epimedium-derived icariin via magnetic MOF-immobilized naringinase: An efficient and reusable biocatalytic system for flavonoid modification

Icariside I, a prenylated flavonol glycoside derived from Herba Epimedii , has attracted significant interest due to its enhanced bioavailability and pharmacological activities. Traditional methods for producing icariside I, including direct extraction and chemical hydrolysis of icariin, are limited by low yields, harsh conditions, and environmental issues. In this study, we developed a biocatalytic approach for the efficient conversion of icariin to icariside I using naringinase immobilized on magnetic metal-organic framework (MOF) nanoparticles (Nar@MOF) via EDC/NHS cross-linking. The Nar@MOF exhibited improved pH and thermal stability, as well as significant recyclability. Nar@MOF also demonstrated a lower K m value compared to the free enzyme, indicating enhanced substrate affinity. The biocatalyst enabled continuous icariside I production with 99.8% conversion and 98.3% yield within 4 h. Additionally, Nar@MOF maintained over 75% yield after ten consecutive cycles at 60 °C, highlighting its excellent stability and recyclability. Notably, Nar@MOF also exhibited broad substrate applicability. These results indicate that MOF-based immobilization offers a cost-effective and sustainable strategy for large-scale enzymatic conversion of icariin, with the magnetic MOF nanoparticles providing a versatile platform for high-value flavonoid production.