Dual-function hollow CuS@CuInS2 heterostructures for rapid and potent bacterial inactivation via photothermal and catalytic mechanisms

To combat rising bacterial infections, a hollow CuS@CuInS 2 heterostructure is engineered via ion-exchange and self-assembly. This hollow design provides dual photothermal/catalytic functions under visible/808 nm near-infrared irradiation, achieving high photothermal efficiency and stability. Integrating CuInS 2 quantum dots improves charge separation and extends carrier lifetimes compared to CuS alone. The architecture offers multiple reactive sites, enhancing photothermal Cu 2+ release and light-triggered ROS production. Combined heat, Cu 2+ , and ROS disrupt bacterial membranes, cause nucleic acid leakage, and eliminate >90% of S. aureus in 15 min (2.5 mg mL −1 ). The material shows favorable biocompatibility and negligible hemolysis. By synergizing multiple bactericidal pathways, this solar-responsive agent offers an effective solution for bacterial infections.