Sheet-on-particle Bi2MoO6@BiOBr heterostructure anchored on PVDF membrane for highly stable and repeatable photocatalytic removal of ofloxacin

A novel "sheet-on-particle" Z-scheme Bi 2 MoO 6 @BiOBr heterojunction was structurally engineered and immobilized within a porous polyvinylidene fluoride membrane using an integrated ultrasonic-assisted in-situ precipitation and hydrothermal approach. The Bi 2 MoO 6 nanoparticles are uniformly distributed on the BiOBr nanosheets, establishing abundant heterogeneous interfaces that facilitate efficient Z-scheme charge transfer. This configuration enhances the visible light response and reduces carrier recombination. The composite membrane demonstrates exceptional photocatalytic activity, achieving a 98.71% degradation rate of ofloxacin through the predominant action of •O 2 ⁻ and h⁺ species. Its adaptability across a wide pH range and its capability for broad-spectrum pollutant degradation highlight its strong potential for scalable photocatalytic wastewater treatment applications.