Efficient enrichment and sensitive detection of phthalates in edible oil and traditional medicinal crops using a fluoro-functionalized-COF-based solid-phase microextraction

The residue of phthalates (PAEs) in edible products can cause endocrine disorders in the human body. In this study, a solid-phase microextraction (SPME) probe coated with fluoro-functionalized covalent organic frameworks (F-COFs) was developed for the extraction of PAEs. The synthesized F-COFs coating exhibited excellent hydrophobicity and high thermal stability, making it suitable for adsorbing PAEs. The established F-COF-SPME-GC method achieved a green analytical chemistry score of 0.63 in terms of environmental friendliness. It also exhibited satisfactory linear ranges of 0.02-100 μg L -1 for all PAEs (R²≥0.9901), and limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.010 to 0.019 μg L -1 . The method was successfully applied to determine PAEs in six edible oils and six traditional medicinal crops, exhibiting relatively strong resistance to matrix interference. These results indicated that the F-COF-SPME probe provided significant promise for the efficient and robust adsorption and detection of PAEs in complex samples.