Fast response Ce-MOF/Ti3C2 electrochemical sensor for individual or simultaneous detection of Pb2+ and Cd2+ in environmental water and human urine samples

A new electrochemical sensor based on a nanocomposites (Ce-MOF/Ti 3 C 2 ) synthesized by cerium-based metal-organic framework (Ce-MOF) and titanium carbide (Ti 3 C 2 ) was constructed. Ce-MOF/Ti 3 C 2 modified a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) to enable the individual or simultaneous trace detection of Cd 2+ and Pb 2+ by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). The morphology and composition of the composite were characterized using SEM, XPS and XRD, while its electrochemical performance was evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The developed sensor exhibited excellent performance, enabling simultaneous detection of Pb 2+ (8-500 μg/L) and Cd 2+ (10-500 μg/L), with detection limits of 1.02 μg/L and 2.5 μg/L, respectively, and also demonstrated good anti-interference capability, reproducibility and stability. This new method was successfully applied for the detection of Cd 2+ and Pb 2+ in river water and human urine samples, highlighting its potential for environmental and biological monitoring applications.