Temperature, pH and GSH triple-responsive pyraclostrobin nanopesticide based on Pluronic F127 and cinnamaldehyde-derived liposome to control tomato gray mold

Smart nanopesticides demonstrates excellent potential in the prevention of tomato gray mold. Herein, temperature, pH and GSH triple responsive of pyraclostrobin nanopesticide (CDC-F127-P) is fabricated base on Pluronic F127 and cinnamaldehyde-derived liposome. The maximum fungicide loading of Pyr reaches 52.9%. The particle size and zeta potential are 143 nm and + 29 mV. The release of Pyr increases from 38% to 61% after 48 h as the temperature rises from 5 °C to 35 °C. The value increases from 62% to 87% when the concentration of oxalic acid rises from 0 to 20 mM, which increases from 10% to 37% as the concentration of GSH rises from 0 to 20 mM. The EC₅₀ of CDC-F127-P is 1.96 μg/mL. The inhibition rates of CDC-F127-P for mycelial growth and spore germination are 69.3% and 73.0% at 10 μg/mL. The nucleic acid and protein leakage reaches 124.8 μg/mL and 113.5 μg/mL. A spore mortality rate of 66.4% is arrived. Mitochondrial membrane potential reduces by 96% after treatment with 2 μg/mL. The CDC-F127-P shows a hemolysis rate of 1.8% and a tomato seed germination rate of 60% at 10 μg/mL. The contact angle on the tomato leaf is 74.0 o . A solution retention capacity of 27.5 mg/cm 2 is retained after simulated rainfall. The disease inhibition rates of 64.9% and 71.0% in detached-leaf and potted-plant assays after treatment with 10 μg/mL CDC-F127-P. The triple-responsive CDC-F127-P nanopesticide offers a highly efficient and safe strategy for gray mold control and presenting a novel approach for developing green nano-pesticides.