Oxygen-vacant LaFeO3 via dielectric barrier discharge microplasma: reactivation and landscape-adapted photocatalysis

LaFeO 3 perovskites suffer from high electron-hole recombination, limiting their photocatalytic efficiency. This study introduces oxygen vacancies (OVs) into LaFeO 3 via dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) microplasma treatment, yielding OVs-LaFeO 3 (OVs-LFO). The DBD-enabled OVs induce Fe 3+ /Fe 2+ cycling, suppress charge recombination, and enhance reactive oxygen species generation, leading to efficient tetracycline degradation. Moreover, DBD reactivation effectively reverses catalyst deactivation, extending service life. Integrated into a landscape-adapted flow device, OVs-LFO maintained 94.00 ± 1.37% methylene blue removal over 3 h under sunlight and 73.01 ± 1.61% efficiency after 30 days, with minimal ecological toxicity. This work offers a practical defect-engineering strategy for sustainable photocatalytic wastewater treatment.