A Stable Metal–Polyphenol Network-Functionalized Black Phosphorus Nanoplatform for Multidrug-Loading and Controllable Chemo–Photothermal Therapy

The design of universal nanocarriers with broad-spectrum drug compatibility, high loading efficiency, and controlled release remains a significant challenge in drug delivery. Herein, a versatile platform based on black phosphorus nanosheets modified with a metal–polyphenol network (BP@MPN) is presented. The MPN coating significantly enhances the structural stability of BP and introduces a multifunctional interface capable of diverse non-covalent interactions, including hydrogen bonding, electrostatic, hydrophobic, and π interactions, to support the efficient loading of a wide range of therapeutic agents. A multidimensional evaluation demonstrates that BP@MPN exhibits superior loading performance across small molecules, proteins, inorganic nanostructures, and metal ions. Quartz crystal microbalance analysis reveals that strong drug–carrier interactions contribute to the enhanced loading efficiency. In vitro and in vivo studies confirm the excellent biocompatibility and hemocompatibility of BP@MPN. Moreover, in a B16F10 tumor model, DOX-loaded BP@MPN combined with near-infrared (NIR) irradiation achieves potent chemo–photothermal synergistic therapy (TGI = 88.5%) with minimal systemic toxicity. These findings establish BP@MPN as a promising, broadly applicable nanocarrier platform for controlled drug delivery and advanced nanomedicine.