Ultrafast and ultrasensitive electrospun PAN/MXene/PDA@BaTiO₃ piezoelectric membranes for real-time sports impact monitoring

Using PAN as the substrate, a uniform and dense nanofiber membrane was prepared via electrospinning. It features structural stability, lightweight flexibility, and compatibility with sensor integration without compromising racquet performance. • The component design aligns with the principles of functional membrane modification. Doping MXene and PDA@BaTiO₃ into the PAN substrate achieves synergistic enhancement, with 130 mg identified as the optimal doping concentration, providing a basis for membrane performance optimization. • The membrane exhibits outstanding performance: sensors based on the PAN substrate membrane demonstrate a sensitivity of 13.74 V/N and a response time of 1.2 ms. At 10 Hz and 1.5 N, the output voltage reaches 78.42 V, enabling real-time sensing and aligning with the multifunctional application focus in membrane science. • The PAN-based piezoelectric membrane showed no damage or performance degradation after 5000 cycles, meeting long-term usage requirements and highlighting the reliability of functional membrane applications. Accurate capture of table tennis stroke data provides crucial support for personalized training and skill enhancement. However, existing visual monitoring systems struggle to simultaneously detect stroke force and impact location due to interference from ambient lighting and shooting angles, creating a core bottleneck in intelligent table tennis training. To this end, this study innovatively proposes an integrated flexible piezoelectric sensor solution. Utilizing polyacrylonitrile (PAN) as the substrate, a PAN/MXene/PDA@BaTiO₃ piezoelectric composite film was prepared via electrospinning technology. An integrated design was adopted, where an 8-channel piezoelectric sensor array was constructed on the front side of the racket, and a signal acquisition and wireless transmission module were integrated on the back side, enabling real-time and accurate capture and transmission of hitting signals. Experimental results indicate that the composite membrane exhibits optimal piezoelectric performance at a PDA@BaTiO₃ doping concentration of 130 mg, achieving a sensitivity of 13.74 V/N with a response time of only 1.2 ms. It maintains excellent mechanical stability even after 5000 cycles of load testing. The integrated racket demonstrated outstanding dynamic sensing capabilities in both ball-bouncing and rally tests. This research not only provides a novel technical approach for table tennis training but also lays a technological foundation for flexible sensing technology in the field of smart sports. Download: Download high-res image (128KB) Download: Download full-size image