Defect-engineered Mn-doped bioactive glass/SrTiO3 piezoelectric ceramics for synergistic electromechanical stimulation for bone repair

Developing bioactive piezoelectric ceramics that simultaneously provide electromechanical stimulation and osteogenic regulation remains a major challenge in bone repair. Here, Mn-doped bioactive glass/SrTiO 3 (BG-STO) composite ceramics were fabricated via solid-state sintering to establish a defect-engineered piezoelectric platform with enhanced bioactivity. Structural analyses confirmed SrTiO 3 as the primary phase, while BG incorporation induced grain refinement, lattice distortion, and secondary phase formation. XPS results revealed increased oxygen vacancies and Ti 3+ content, indicating defect-dipole-mediated polarization. The piezoelectric coefficient reached a maximum of ∼1.4 pC/N at 20 wt% BG, accompanied by stable electrical output, reflecting a balance between polarization enhancement and conductivity screening. Biological assays demonstrated excellent cytocompatibility, hemocompatibility, and sustained promotion of stem cell proliferation driven by bioactive ion release. These findings highlight BG-STO ceramics as promising candidates for synergistic electromechanical-biochemical modulation in bone regeneration.