Investigation of Density and Viscosity for Ternary Blends of n-Butyl Ether + Methyl Laurate + n-Nonane at T = 293.15–323.15 K

Densities and viscosities of ternary mixtures of n-butyl ether + methyl laurate + n-nonane along with their corresponding binary subsystems (n-butyl ether + methyl laurate, n-butyl ether + n-nonane, and methyl laurate + n-nonane) were measured over the entire composition range at T = 293.15–323.15 K and ambient pressure (p = 0.1 MPa). These systems were selected to serve as model mixtures for ternary fuel blends of biodiesel. The excess molar volume (VmE) and viscosity deviation (Δη) of the ternary and binary mixtures were derived from the experimental data. The Redlich–Kister, Cibulka, and Nagata–Tamura equations were used to correlate the ternary VmE and Δη. The Kohler, Jacob–Fitzner, Tsao–Smith, and Toop models were used to calculate the ternary VmE. The results provide fundamental thermodynamic data that are essential for optimizing the formulation and predicting the performance of ether–biodiesel–diesel blends.