Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Enable In Vivo Efficacy of Parthenolide in Schistosoma mansoni Infection

Background:Schistosomiasis remains a major neglected tropical disease, with praziquantel (PZQ) as the only widely used treatment, despite its limitations. Parthenolide (PTL), a sesquiterpene lactone, exhibits potent in vitro antischistosomal activity; however, its poor aqueous solubility, low oral bioavailability, and chemical instability may limit its in vivo efficacy.Objective:This study investigated whether nanoencapsulation in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) could enable the in vivo antischistosomal activity of PTL.Methods:PTL was isolated fromTanacetum partheniumand incorporated into NLC using hot emulsification followed by ultrasonication. The resulting formulation (NLC-PTL) was physicochemically characterized, and its in vivo antischistosomal efficacy was evaluated in a murine model ofSchistosoma mansoniinfection.Results:NLC-PTL exhibited nanoscale size, low polydispersity, high encapsulation efficiency, and sustained drug release. In vivo, free PTL showed no significant effect on worm burden, whereas NLC-PTL achieved a marked reduction (77.9%) in adult worms and significantly decreased egg output compared to controls (p< 0.001). Blank NLC had no antiparasitic effect.Conclusions:Nanoencapsulation was associated with in vivo antischistosomal activity of PTL compared to the free compound. These findings suggest that formulation strategies may influence the in vivo performance of lipophilic natural products in schistosomiasis.